The nursing field Essay Example For Students

The nursing field Essay The nursing field stretches out numerous chances to be a significant piece of the medicinal services group. Nursing includes direct patient contact and changed aptitudes and capacities. An attendant has a one of a kind chance to guarantee that they care for a patients solaces and needs, and can have any kind of effect in each patient life. Different testing openings are accessible under the general class of nursing. A wide scope of vocation openings is available to enrolled attendants. Numerous medical caretakers decide to practice once inside the field of nursing. One particular field that medical caretakers can go into is nurture sedation. As sedation experts, guaranteed enlisted nurture anesthetists control over 65% of the twenty-6,000,000 sedatives given to patients every year. They have authorized and guaranteed enlisted nurture anesthetists in each of the fifty states. To turn into a medical caretaker anesthetist, it is important to initially turn into an enlisted nurture. There are four different ways to turn into an enrolled nurture. We will compose a custom paper on The nursing field explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now It is conceivable through a two-year junior college, gaining a partners degree in nursing, or through a three-year emergency clinic based nursing school, winning a recognition. Other potential ways incorporate a four-year college program, bringing about a Bachelors of Science qualification in nursing, or the B. S. N. , as it is normally called. For the individuals who have a lone rangers degree in another subject, there is a nonexclusive experts degree in nursing, a two or a three-year program past the lone wolves degree. Later on, the B. S. N. is being viewed as the base capability for a delightful profession. The two-year partners degree and the emergency clinic based recognition programs are quickly shutting around the nation, and understudy attendants are being urged to join up with four-year colleges. Nursing training incorporates homeroom guidance and directed clinical involvement with emergency clinics and other wellbeing offices. Understudies take courses in life structures, physiology, microbiology, science, sustenance, brain science, and other conduct sciences, and nursing. Corse work likewise incorporates aesthetic sciences classes. Emergency clinic divisions give administered clinical involvement with pediatrics, psychiatry, maternity, and medical procedure. A few projects remember clinical experience for nursing homes, general wellbeing divisions, home wellbeing offices, and wandering facilities. The medical attendant anesthetist is a basic piece of the careful group. They are exceptionally talented and profoundly taught pros who, under the course of a doctor, control sedatives to patients for a wide range of medical procedure. The attendant anesthetist plans for a clinical technique by setting up appointed working rooms with essential gear and supplies, meeting with doled out patients, and by finishing important preoperative systems. Preoperative techniques may incorporate managing prescription, attaching the patients IV, and interfacing the patient to a real existence emotionally supportive network. At the point when the patient goes into the working space for their medical procedure, the CRNA regulates either a general or nearby sedative to the patient. They additionally practice in the obstetrics division, with mental patients, in the respiratory treatment office, the crisis room and in dental workplaces. Thoughtfulness regarding fundamental signs and changes in the patients condition is one significant capacity of the medical caretaker anesthetist. This is a field wherein the medical caretaker understanding relationship is basically significant. The CRNA needs to apply physiologic and psychologic standards with affectability while likewise utilizing specialized aptitudes and hypothetical information. The attendant sedation programs extend from twenty-four to three years long and include a scholarly and clinical practicum on an advanced education level. The homeroom educational plan stresses life structures, physiology, pathophysilolgy, organic chemistry, science, material science, and pharmacology as they identify with sedation. All projects must offer a Master of Science qualification or higher start in 1998. All projects require a four-year professional education in science or nursing, and in any event one year of intense vehicle nursing experience before section. Schools for the most part characterize intense consideration as serious consideration, coronary consideration, and crisis/injury care. When an understudy has finished their instructive work, the attendant is qualified to take a national confirmation assessment and become an ensured enrolled nurture anesthetist. Laws likewise require proceeding with training like clockwork for recertification. .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .postImageUrl , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .focused content territory { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:hover , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:visited , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:active { border:0!important; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: obscurity 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:active , .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:hover { mistiness: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: striking; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-enrichment: underline; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: intense; line-stature: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-embellishment: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-tallness: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u07833 cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u07833cd143a4b22c06b81003515cb3c5:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Taekwondo: Korean Martial Arts EssayNurse Anesthetists work with doctors, medical caretakers, and other social insurance experts in well-lit, cooled, and precisely clean environmental factors. They wear a careful outfit, top, and veil while managing the sedatives. Attendant anesthetists may need to lift, move, and position patients getting sedatives. While they are controlling the sedative, they may stand or sit in one situation for long lengths of time. Affirmed enlisted nurture anesthetists are particularly popular and have numerous open doors all through the US. The interest will keep on being incredible during that time 2010. This occupation is one of a gathering of enrolled attendants assessed to develop in excess of 33 percent. Mirroring the measure of duty, nurture anesthetists are a standout amongst other paid nursing specialities. The detailed normal compensation in 1997 was around $86,000. The center 50 percent earned somewhere in the range of $74,700 and $90,300. An article in the September 21, 1992, issue of Fortune magazine included medical attendant anesthetists among the top 20% of pay workers in America.

Compare and Contrast Muslim Empires Free Essays

Somewhere in the range of 1450 and 1750, three incredible Muslim realms aroseâ€the Ottomans, the Safavids, and the Mughals. The Ottomans emerged after the Seljuk Turkic realm of Rum in Eastern Anatolia fallen, which happened as a result of a Mongol intrusion in 1243. The territory fell into a riotous period after that in light of the fact that the Mongols didn't straightforwardly administer it. We will compose a custom article test on Thoroughly analyze: Muslim Empires or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Looking for wealth, Turkic people groups, including the Ottomans who ruled the rest, overwhelmed into the region. By the 1350s, the Ottomans were progressing from their Asia Minor fortifications. Under Mehmed I, they vanquished an enormous piece of the Balkans, and, in 1453, they caught Constantinople of the Byzantine Empire under Mehmed II, â€Å"The Conqueror,† accordingly building up a domain from the Balkans that included the majority of the Arab world. Like the Ottomans, the Safavids emerged from battles of adversary Turkish clans. In the fourteenth century, there were many years of savage battles, until, at last, after three progressive Safavid pioneers kicked the bucket, a Sufi administrator named Isma’il endure. He and his supporters vanquished the city of Tabriz in 1501, just as the greater part of Persia in the following decade. They at that point drove the Ozbegs, neighboring roaming Turks, back to Central Asia and progressed to Iraq. In conclusion, the Mughal Dynasty was established by Babur, who plummeted from Turkic warriors. He originally drove an intrusion of India in 1526 and vanquished the Indus and Ganges fields. After Babur kicked the bucket of an ailment, his child, Humayan, succeeded him and was assaulted from foes of all sides on account of Babur’s passing. He was ousted from India in 1540, however in the long run reestablished Mughal rule by 1556. Humayan’s child, Akbar, would later succeed him and become the best ruler in Mughal history. The Ottomans, Safavids and Mughals built huge domains, however each received various methods of treating their vanquished individuals and created differing strategies for overseeing social, political, and financial frameworks. So as to advance the extension of their realm, the Ottomans embraced numerous practices to incorporate non-Muslims in the military. From the start, the Ottomans’ first concern was to gather tribute from their vanquished individuals. This previously occurred in 1243 when the realm of Rum was prevailed. Be that as it may, in the fifteenth century, the Ottoman Empire’s majestic armed forces turned out to be progressively ruled by infantry divisions made up of troops called Janissaries. The greater part of these Janissaries had been persuasively selected as immature young men in vanquished zones, for example, the Balkans, where a large portion of the populace was comprised of Christians. At times the boys’ guardians readily surrendered their children to the Ottoman spotters in view of the open doors for headway that accompanied support of the Ottoman rulers. Also, in spite of the fact that they were lawfully slaves, they were knowledgeable and changed over to Islam. Some of them even proceeded to serve in the royal residence or administration, however most became Janissaries. These Janissaries, in any case, later increased political impact. Business inside the realm was in the hands of Christian and Jewish dealers, who as dhimmis, or â€Å"people of the book,† were under the insurance of the Ottoman rulers. The Safavids upheld the Shi’a variation of Islam dissimilar to the Ottomans, who embraced the Sunni variation of Islam. These two variations detested one another, and their scorn appeared during the skirmish of Chaldiran on August 1514 in northwest Persia. Be that as it may, the Safavids were effectively executed in view of the Ottomans’ propelled fighting innovation. Under Abbas the Great, the Safavid Empire flourished with toleration for caught and vanquished individuals. For instance, caught Russian young people were taught and changed over, and they shaped the foundation of the Safavid’s military powers. They consumed guns that had gotten progressively unmistakable in Safavid armed forces. Additionally, a few Russians were allowed commonplace governorships and high workplaces at court. In spite of the fact that the Safavids endured the Russians, they were not as kind to different occupants of present-day Iran. For instance, Sunni Muslims, Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and devotees of Sufi evangelists, were totally constrained into changing over to Shi’ism. Perhaps the best ruler in all of history was the child and replacement of Humayan, Akbar the Great. The Mughals, under Akbar, built up the most illuminated social, political, and monetary strategies for treating their vanquished individuals. He not just expanded the Mughal Empire with triumphs all through north and focal India, yet additionally made the Mughal Dynasty reasonable in light of his social and authoritative strategies. He sought after an approach of compromise and collaboration with the Hindu rulers and generally speaking populace of his domain. For instance, he energized intermarriage between the Mughal gentry and groups of the Hindu Rajput rulers. Likewise, Akbar nullified jizya, which was a head charge on Hindus. He additionally permitted Hindus to be elevated to high positions in the administration. Further, Akbar finished the longstanding prohibition on the development of new Hindu sanctuaries, and he requested Muslims to regard dairy animals on the grounds that the Hindus saw them as holy. He even imagined another confidence called Racket I-Ilahi, which mixed components of the numerous religions with which he was recognizable. He accepted this would join his Hindu and Muslim subjects, yet it fizzled. Like the Ottomans’ assortment of tribute, Akbar left a few regions of his realm alone inasmuch as they swore devotion to Mughal rulers and paid their assessments on schedule. Nonetheless, these zones were just taken off alone in view of a deficiency of heads. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Dynasties each treated their vanquished individuals and non-Muslims diversely through political, financial and social systems. Akbar the Great and the Mughals had the most illuminated methodology on the best way to treat these individuals, for example, empowering intermarriage, abrogating the jizya, and completion the prohibition on the structure of new Hindu sanctuaries. This methodology at last prompted more prominent accomplishment for the realm all in all. Interestingly, the practices used by the Ottomans and Safavids brought about progressively discontent for the vanquished individuals and non-Muslims. Generally speaking, these three realms over a multi year range vanquished a large number of individuals and needed to create authoritative practices and approaches. These strategies enormously affected their prosperity. The most effective method to refer to Compare and Contrast: Muslim Empires, Papers

MIT Was Great in the 1800s

MIT Was Great in the 1800s Previously on the blogs, I’ve written about MIT’s commitment to diversity throughout history. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Institute focused on recruiting international students, especially from China and Latin America (read more here). At the beginning of the 21st century, MIT fought against discrimination among its female faculty, inspiring other institutions to do the same (more here). I’ve also blogged about the fun parts of MIT culture from the late 1800s, showing how eerily similar the students of the time thought like the students of today (even before MIT had its own campus! more here). This post continues the series of posts that came out of my UROP research on the history of early international students at MIT. The first part displays MIT’s commitment to gender equality as early as the 19th century. The second part discusses what the students did for fun, also in the late 1800s. For some of you, this post comes at a difficult college-choosing time. I hope that a look at MIT’s history helps with your consideration of committing to MIT in the present. Since 1873, young women have been received at the Institute on perfectly equal footing with the young men. This was the statement printed in the 1896 MIT yearbook, Technique. To be perfectly fair, women were not on perfectly equal footing with the men at the time, but MIT was definitely ahead of its peer institutions in accepting women, who also got to work in the same studios and labs as men. And the students were well aware of how special this was, as evidenced by the following poem, also published in Technique. (Note: Co-ed = female student; all the universities mentioned did not accept women at the time of the poems publication) The women were respected for the work that they did: And the 1896 yearbook included, besides the statement about womens equal footing with men at MIT, a list of women graduates, a dedication to MIT college girls, and a section of stories and news about the Coeds:   Having Fun @ Tech Back in the day, MIT wasnt normally called by its abbreviation. Rather, it was known as Technology or simply Tech. And Tech students knew how to have a good time (still do). Ive already written about their creative hijinks and jokes in my previous yearbook-inspired post (here). This section is to talk about what the students did  for fun. And to start, Id like to highlight the popularity of Tech boys: When not delighting the ladies, MIT students of the 1890s interested in the arts could choose to participate in a variety of musical clubs, French or German plays, or dye their beards for the Beard Club:     Left: MIT LAvenir production of the French play La Cigale chez les Fourmis The students could choose to stay active or not:   The love of sports at MIT was strong (in the late 1800s, the students still believed that MIT athletics could be as good as MIT academics), but the love of food was greater. So great, in fact, that, in the early 1890s, Technique editors announced that MIT would have a Couse XIII Gastronomic Engineering, a major dedicated to making and eating food. Unfortunately, it was too good to be true, but the Technique editors were very thorough with their prank. The fictional Course XIII requirements, including the Method for Least Square Meal and Clammatology, can be seen below: Similarly, there was a joke club called The Technology Zoo, which was created entirely based on members names:   Ill conclude by noting that the love for puns and jokes at MIT has persisted, certainly among the faculty. Below are just two examples of this from the classes Ive taken. The first is from the slides for 7.012 Introductory Biology with  Professor Robert Weinberg, who is “a pioneer in cancer research most widely known for his discoveries of the first human oncogeneâ€"a gene that causes normal cells to form tumorsâ€"and the first tumor suppressor gene” (more here). The second is from the slides for 9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience with Professor Mark Bear, who has described novel forms of procedural learning in the visual system, and investigated synaptic function in models of fragile X syndrome and other autism spectrum disorders (more here). Post Tagged #Technique yearbook

The Impact Of Smartphone Industry On The United Kingdom...

Introduction This report investigates the smartphone industry in the United Kingdom and Germany between 2007 to 2015. I will identify which country is performing the best for the industry and will make a recommendation on which country the business start-up in. I will consider the industry by comparing the companies with the country’s market and state which one had done better. I will explain which PESTL factors influenced the industry for both countries and will explain why the economic recession impacted the industry. Findings and discussion Market Sizes Market sizes for Germany Germany has seen an overall growth in the smartphone market industry, growth of 3,148,100 units in market size from 24,311,000 units in 2007 to†¦show more content†¦United Kingdom Economic The economic crisis had taken place in this period which lead to fewer sales of the smartphone. (Phys.org, 2017) This lead to less demand for the smartphone as people have less money to spend so the sales had fallen. Britain officially entered recession on 23 January and the economy had shrunk through the last two quarters of 2008. Which would explain why the market share went in a decline after 2008. (Wearden, 2017) (Tradingeconomics.com, 2017) This line graph from the trading economics website shows the GDP growth rate per year from 2007 to 2015. GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product and it measures the value of the goods and services produced in the economy, the value of goods and services purchased by the households and by government and the income generated from profits and wages. (BBC News, 2017) this is used to determine the health of the economy As the line graph shows in 2008 the economy had shrunk through the last two quarters which could be the reason why the smartphone market decreased. (Positive Money, 2017) The reason to why the economy was at a poor state was because the banks created a lot of money to give out a lot of mortgages and secured loans known as the Subprime loan. Which is a risky loan as the borrower didn’t meet the right requirements to pay the loan such as good salaryShow MoreRelatedMobile Phones And The Global Growth Momentum1462 Words   |  6 Pagesregions. Increase in population and rising urbanization in developing regions are the main drivers for the growth of the industry. And include cell phone industry operating primarily in the mobile phone industry installations. It includes global manufacturers industry leading headset cell phone from the proceeds of their sector. Heavily concentrated in the cell phone industry. The competitive landscape has changed significantly over the past five years. Three new companies have emerged as the largestRead MoreNeo Smartphone : A New Creation3888 Words   |  16 PagesNEO smartphone is a new creation I have established in the UK markets. It is a smartphone similar to iPhone and Samsung but better and cheaper and long lasting. I got this idea, as not everyone is able to afford other expensive gadgets. I conducted this and did our market research in the U.K and according to us I decided to set up the business in the U.K and thought it’s the best location through our market research. Our company is in a partnership at the moment and if the product is successfulRead MoreIndustry Prospects And Attractiveness : Amazon Prime Service Gaining Subscribers1636 Words   |  7 PagesIndustry Prospects and Attractiveness Amazon Prime Service Gaining Subscribers Last year in 2014, Amazon Prime subscriptions increase by an exceptional at 53%, with its stronger growth across the global markets than within the U.S. An estimate of Prime subscribers could be around 35 to 40 million globally at the end of 2014. What special about it is the subscription offers free shipping along with unlimited access to video contents. It could be comparable to Netflix and that streaming content isRead MoreSamsung Electronics5279 Words   |  22 Pagesï » ¿Samsung Electronics From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd ì‚ ¼Ã¬â€ž ±Ã¬  â€žÃ¬Å¾  ä ¸â€°Ã¦ËœÅ¸Ã©â€º »Ã¥ ­  Type Public Traded as KRX:  005930,  KRX:005935,  LSE:  SMSN,LSE:  SMSD Industry Consumer electronics Telecoms equipment Semiconductors Home appliances Founded 1969 (Samsung Electric Industries) 1988 (Samsung Electronics) Headquarters Suwon,  Gyeonggi Province,South Korea Area served Worldwide Key people Lee Kun-hee (Chairman) Lee Jae-yong (Vice chairman) Kwon Oh-hyun (Vice chairmanRead MoreEffects of Cloud Computing in the Global Business Environment3864 Words   |  16 Pagesweb-based applications. Nowadays, more and more companies are investing in the development of this powerful and valuable technology which has revolutionized the way of doing business, selling and marketing products. â€Å"It is a simple idea with great impact† that has evolution thanks to the faster and faster Internet connections, as we will discuss later on this paper. Information technology has developed tremendously over the past decades especially after the launching of the Internet. In the 1960sRead MoreImpact of Globalisation on Nokia3238 Words   |  13 Pagespotential impacts of globalisation on that company. Explain the reasoning behind the points you make. Evaluate possible strategies going forward which the company might use to respond to the impacts of globalisation you have identified. Table of Contents 1. Background 1.1 What is Globalization? 1.2 The Importance of Globalization regarding a business 1.3 Nokia - a brief introduction 2. Characteristics and issues influencing Globalisation 3. How globalisation impacts the companyRead MoreGlobal Equity Research Telecommunications Equipment12749 Words   |  51 PagesTelecommunications Equipment Smartphones 2012 Research Analysts Kulbinder Garcha 212 325 4795 kulbinder.garcha@credit-suisse.com Deepak Sitaraman, CFA 212 325 5808 deepak.sitaraman@credit-suisse.com Achal Sultania 44 20 7883 6884 achal.sultania@credit-suisse.com Alban Gashi 212 538 3033 alban.gashi@credit-suisse.com Talal Khan 212 325 8603 talal.khan@credit-suisse.com Matthew Cabral 212 538 6260 matthew.cabral@credit-suisse.com Vlad Rom 212 325 5442 vlad.rom@credit-suisse.com INDUSTRY PRIMER Growth robustRead MoreThe Popularity Of The Television Tv2031 Words   |  9 Pagesgetting more reliable and faster Sales of Smart TV are increasing and eventually there will be Wi-Fi in every TV Adapters for Smart TV are getting better and cheaper Sales of Tablets and Smartphones is increasing exponentially Streaming is the leading source of Ultra HD videos New entrants in video streaming industry are innovating rapidly Netflix is a global Internet TV Network that offers movies and TV shows advertisement-free for unlimited viewing on any Internet-based screen at a very affordableRead MoreStrategic Analysis Of ALDI Essay3650 Words   |  15 Pages4. Environmental Analysis 5 4.1 PESTEL Analysis 6 4.1.1 Political factors 6 4.1.2 Economical factors 6 4.1.3 Social and cultural factors 7 4.1.4 Technology factors 8 4.1.5 Environmental Factors 8 4.1.6 Legal factors 9 4.2 Key Trends affecting the industry 9 5. SWOT Analysis 10 5.1 Strengths 10 5.2 Weaknesses 11 5.2 SWOT Table 12 6. Identification and evaluation of the Strategies pursued by Aldi 13 6.1 Strategies implemented by ALDI 13 6.2 Critical Evaluation of the Strategies 14 7. Conclusion 16 8Read MoreBUS 640 Week 6 Final Paper3865 Words   |  16 PagesInc. (AAPL.O) BUS 640 Managerial Economics Ashford University January 2014 Apple Inc. (AAPL.O) Introduction Apple Inc. commonly known as Apple has effectively managed to be a successful company in a very competitive consumer electronics industry by been innovative and differentiating the company’s products with similar products in the markets by offering high quality products and good customer service while the actual manufacturing of the products is outsourced to trusted third party suppliers

Instant Solutions to Good Argumentative Essay Topics about School in Easy to Follow Step by Step Detail

Instant Solutions to Good Argumentative Essay Topics about School in Easy to Follow Step by Step Detail Nobody really wishes to compose an essay. To settle on a topic, you will need to locate a category or an essay kind and see the list of themes. If you get to select your own topic, that's good. You will probably locate a different and good topic you will love to write about. After you choose a topic, you should reply to the query and after that substantiate your response with three or more motivations as to why you think like that. The topic has to be interesting, the topic has to be essential and finally the topic has to be informative. You will be assigned a topic, or your professor will enable you to select your own. Quite frequently, the ideal topic is one which you truly care about, but you also will need to get ready to research it. Life After Good Argumentative Essay Topics about School Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. It is all about arguing and debating on a topic, which is debatable. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. Recent argumentative essay topics that are related to society is going to do. There are several steps which you should take to be able to write a great essay. A great debate article ought to have an analysis in addition to fair criticism of many difficulties. The shortage of superior support sources will end in a decrease grade. Does a superb lawyer has an effect on the results of a murder trial in the united states. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but make sure to do your homework on what the recent laws about your favorite topic actually say. Anyway, below, you'll find topic that are great for both situations. Your topic is largely dependent on the form and length of the paper you should write. There are a few great topics to look at when deciding on a topic for your argumentative essay. Sum up the primary points and main arguments that you're going to support or refute. Therefore, you can ask all the essential questions and consult on some points. So ensure that you select a subject, which has values in it. It's important to select debatable argumentative essay topics as you need opposing points that you could counter to your own points. After picking your subject, you should have the five kinds of arguments at the rear of your head throughout your writing. At length, if you are supposed to write and essay but have very little knowledge or interest in the topic, don't forget there are lots of custom essay writers which will gladly do the task for you. The above-mentioned topic selection may give you a very clear understanding of what things to write about. Deciding on a simple topic may prove to be an incorrect track since you may have difficulties finding credible sources to support your views. Instead of just immediately writing about your argumentative essay topic, you first have to think about what it is you're likely to put back on your paper through a procedure of brainstorming and pre-writing. Your thesis ought to be relevant so the write-up can use a structure that's flexible in order to fit in the shoes of the readers. To choose which subject you're likely to discuss, it's essential to see the complete collection of good persuasive speech topics from the special area of study. It is vital to opt for a great topic as a way to compose a fantastic paper. No matter what type of essay you're writing, a strong plan will allow you to have a larger impact. In high school, you're supposed to decide on the type of topic you're going to be in a position to dig into that is, you must remember to can discover enough info on the topic. If you are going to compose an argumentative essay, the very first thing you must do is to understand its most important features and structure. When it has to do with writing an argumentative essay, the main point to do is to select a topic and an argument that you could really get behind.

Value and Purpose of Literature Free Essays

Value and Purpose of Literature Literature is expressed in varying ways, such as poetry, novels, history, biographies, and essays. Depending on which type of work you are reading, the purpose and interpretation is different as it is depending on the person that is reading it. The purpose of literature is to get a diverse set of people to read the same piece of work and comprehend it differently, but still have the same affect on them. We will write a custom essay sample on Value and Purpose of Literature or any similar topic only for you Order Now The purpose also depends on the genre. History is a guide for the future; it helps us figure out future plans and to help us not make the same mistakes we did back then. Poetry and novels are more of an artistic way to entertain people or to get how you truly feel onto paper and see if anyone else could relate. Biographies and essays are more of an informational bit written to persuade or inform the reader of an occurring problem or of a person who is significant in the work they have accomplished. The Red Badge of Courage, written by Stephen Crane, is a fictional novel talking about a soldier in the Civil War that ditches the war to save his self and then feels guilty and goes back to become one of the best soldiers in his regiment. This novel was written clearly for entertaining the reader and for a little history lesson about who won the war. A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, is also a fictional novel about a young man at a school readying him for war where he finds what he is capable of. The value of literature is measured on how much the reader enjoyed the book. Reading is a pleasing way to pass the time for some people and can in many ways affect the way you live and the way you think. The value a book can have on a reader is unlimited. It can change the way people live with and influence each other, helps one understand the past and how the world has evolved, teaches a lesson that will inspire the reader to live a better life, and helps us asks questions related to the standards of a â€Å"good† life, but doesn’t always answer them. Literature is one way that humans can communicate their thoughts and feelings to one another. Though the genres, purposes, and interpretations may differ, it is a universal tool and usually affects the reader in more than one way. How to cite Value and Purpose of Literature, Papers

Technology Is A Great Thing, It Aids Man In The Exploration Of The Uni

Technology is a great thing, it aids man in the exploration of the universe, and himself. But there are times when technology can be the greatest downfall of man. One such time was when the creation of the nuclear bomb. Which was to be used in the Was in efforts to end it. In 1939, a group of scientists, including Albert Einstein, wrote a letter to President Roosevelt to warn of the Nazi's effort to purify Uranium-235, which would be used in the creation of a bomb of mass-destruction. This prompted the president to create the Manhattan Project, the code-name for a top-secret project which would put the world's most brilliant scientists together to create a bomb. In 1942 General Leslie Grove was chosen to lead the project. He purchased a site at Oak Ridge, Tenn. For facilities to work on extracting Uranium 235. For the next 3 years nearly 200,000 people, working in 40 factories, worked 6 days a week, usually for 18 hour days in order to finish the project. In 1945, President Truman had received some unsettling news, the bombs had been finished. 3 bombs had been produced, and it was time to test them to see if they had been successful in creating a nuclear weapon. The government had chosen a site in New Mexico called the ?Trinity Testing Site? in Alamogordo. On July 16th, They conducted the first Nuclear Bomb testing. They had proved that the bombs were usable, now the had to decide whether or not to drop the bomb. The scientists who created the bomb, started to realize that the had created something that would change the world as they knew it. The began to urge the president not to drop the bomb in Japan, but instead to show Japanese officials what would happen if the bomb was to be dropped on their country. Truman was against this because he had no idea if the other two bombs would work if the were to be dropped. So, Truman had to chose whether to drop the bomb, or show the effects of it. Truman knew that a full-scale invasion of Japan, in order to end the war, was to dangerous because of the possibility for severe American casualties. Truman had weighed the issues and decided to drop the 1st bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. On August 6th 1945, a plane named the Enola Gay, flew over Hiroshima and at 8:15 am one minute after the Little Man was dropped the plane, 2,000 feet above the ground, the 1st casualties of the Nuclear Age were becoming statistics. Within milli-seconds anyone within a mile of the blast was vaporized. Large Buildings and human beings around the city were being destroyed by extremely high temperatures and winds produced from the explosion (The Atom Bomb, Internet). "A bright light filled the plane," wrote Lt. Col. Paul Tibbets, the pilot of the Enola Gay. "We turned back to look at Hiroshima. The city was hidden by that awful cloud...boiling up, mushrooming." For a moment, no one spoke. Then everyone was talking. "Look at that! Look at that! Look at that!" exclaimed the co-pilot, Robert Lewis, pounding on Tibbets's shoulder. Lewis said he could taste atomic fission; it tasted like lead. Then he turned away to write in his journal. "My God," he asked himself, "what have we done It is believed that more than 140,000 people died by the end of the year (Ohba, Benson) One girl, whos opinion was shared by other Japanese, said ?No matter how much I think of it, what a nasty horrible atom bomb! What was the war fought for? Many Were Killed, ?For Peace,' they said, but where is this peace (Osada) The massive effects of the bomb was not enough for the emperor of Japan to sign a peace treaty. So Truman ordered the second bomb, named ?Fat Man? to be dropped on Nagasaki, Japan. The blast produced a blast greater than the one in Hiroshima, but due to the geographic structure of the city, the bomb did less damage. It was less damage, but it still managed to kill an estimated 70,000 people by the end of the year(Ohba, Benson). The second bombing prompted Emperor Hirohito to sign

Importance of British Literature essays

Importance of British Literature essays Literature has served as many functions throughout history. Writers such as Alexander Pope, Dryden and Defoe forever changed the way writing was done. Each writer in their own way has had an impact on other writings, as well as approaches to looking and judging other writings. Literature is a powerful tool which can be used to get your point across, or it can be used just for the enjoyment of the writer. In Alexander Pope's "An Essay of Criticism" the reader is taking through a series of points and opinions that Pope has on judging poems and other writings. He writes this essay because he feels that "In time good writing will be lost"(Line 474). Pope's essay serves as a proposed guideline for critics so that good writing can once again prevail. His opening line of this essay gives the reader a clear sense of what he is stressing. "Tis hard to say, if greater Want of Skill Appear in Writing or in Judging ill, But, of the two, less dang'rous is th' Offence,To tire our Patience, than mis-lead our Sense". Pope's strategy is to write a guideline for critics to use when judging an essay. In this opening statement Pope claims that he doesn't know if it is harder to write or to criticize a work. Pope again uses direct statements as opposed to implying what should be done. He says "A perfect judge will read each word of wit With the same spirit that its author writ: Survey the whole, nor seek slight faults to find Where Nature moves, and rapture warms the mind . . Whoever thinks a faultless piece to see, Thinks what ne'er was, nor is, nor e'er shall be. In every work regard the writer's end, Since none can compass more than they intend(Line 232). Pope shows the reader and states with this quote that this point is important because too many because too many people think that what a critic does with literature is criticize it. This point is important To critique a work of literature is not to identify flaws, or even to judge the rel...

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland

Serial Killers Ray and Faye Copeland Ray and Faye Copeland lust for killing came with their retirement years. Why this couple, both in their 70s, went from being loving grandparents to serial killers, who used the clothing of their victims to make winter quilts to snuggle under, is both morbid and perplexing. Here is their story. Ray Copeland Born in Oklahoma in 1914, Ray Copelands family never spent much time in the same place. When he was a child, his family was constantly moving, on the hunt for employment. The situation worsened during the Depression, and Copeland dropped out of school and began scrounging for money. Not satisfied with earning meager wages, he got involved in scamming people out of property and money. In 1939 Copeland was found guilty of stealing livestock and check forgery. He was sentenced to a year in jail. Faye Wilson Copeland Copeland met Faye Wilson not long after he was released from jail in 1940. They had a brief courtship, then married and began having children one after another. With several additional mouths to feed, Copeland quickly returned to stealing from  livestock ranchers. While this may have been his chosen profession, he wasnt very good at it.   He was constantly getting arrested and did several stints in jail. His scam was not very slick. He would buy cattle at auctions, write fraudulent checks, sell the cattle and try to leave town before the auctioneers were informed that the checks were bad. If he failed to leave town in time, he would promise to make the checks good, but never follow through, In time, he was banned from buying and selling livestock. He needed a scam that would allow him to operate despite the ban, one that he could profit from, and that the police could not trace back to him. It took him 40 years to think one up. Copeland began hiring vagrants and drifters to work on his farm. He set up checking accounts for them, then sent them to buy livestock with bad checks from their accounts. Copeland then sold the livestock and the drifters would be fired and sent on their way. This kept the police off his back for awhile, but in time he was caught and returned to jail. When he got out, he went back to the same scam, but this time he made sure the hired help would never be caught, or even heard from again. The Copeland Investigation In October 1989, Missouri police received a tip that a human skull and bones could be found on farmland owned by an elderly couple, Ray and Faye Copeland. Ray Copelands last known stint with the law involved a livestock scam, so as police questioned Ray inside his farmhouse about the scam, authorities searched the property. It did not take them long to find five decomposing bodies buried in shallow graves around the farm. The autopsy report determined that each man had been shot in the back of the head at close range. A register, with names of the transient farmhands who had worked for the Copelands, helped police identify the bodies. Twelve of the names, including the five victims found, had a crude X in Fayes handwriting, marked next to  each name. More Disturbing Evidence Authorities found a .22-calibre Marlin bolt-action rifle inside the Copeland home, which ballistics tests proved to be the same weapon as the one used in the murders. The most disturbing piece of evidence, besides the scattered bones and rifle, was a handmade quilt Faye Copeland made out of the dead victims clothing. The Copelands were quickly charged with five murders, identified as Paul Jason Cowart, John W Freeman, Jimmie Dale Harvey, Wayne Warner and Dennis Murphy. Faye Insisted Knowing Nothing About Murders Faye Copeland claimed to know nothing about the murders  and stuck to her story even after being offered a deal to change her murder charges to conspiracy to commit murder in exchange for information about the remaining seven missing men listed in her register. Although a conspiracy charge would have meant her spending less than a year in prison, compared to the possibility of receiving the death sentence, Faye continued to insist she knew nothing about the murders. Ray Attempts an Insanity Plea Ray first tried to plead insanity, but eventually gave up and tried to work out a plea agreement with prosecutors. The authorities were not willing to go along and the first-degree murder charges remained intact. During Faye Copelands trial, her attorney tried to prove that Faye was another one of Rays victims and that she suffered from Battered Women Syndrome. There was little doubt that Faye had indeed been a battered wife, but that not was enough for the jury to excuse her cold murderous actions. The jury found Faye Copeland guilty of murder and she was sentenced to death by lethal injection. Soon after, Ray was also found guilty and sentenced to death. The Oldest Couple Sentenced to Death The Copelands made their mark in history for being the oldest couple to be sentenced to death, however, neither were executed. Ray died in 1993 on death row. Fayes sentence was commuted to life in prison. In 2002 Faye was compassionate release from prison because of her declining health and she died in a nursing home in December 2003, at age 83. Source The Copeland Killings by T. Miller

Research manuscript critique Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Research manuscript critique - Assignment Example This study sought to establish how much time the mentor and the mentee spend together, the issues they discussed, where they met, as well as the services and information that the mentees received from the mentors (Blinn-Pike et al, 1998). Data obtained from the research was to be used in conceptualizing a theory of governing the mentor-mentee relationship. Being a mixed method approach, the researchers collected both quantitative and qualitative data. The sample size consisted of 20 mentors who were volunteers. They were required to fill in contact forms that had both quantitative descriptive question and qualitative paths that required the mentors to describe the experience. The descriptive questions used to collect the quantitative data centered on the amount of time spend with the mentee, issues discussed between the mentee and the mentor, and the services provided by the mentor to the mentee. Subsequent data analysis of both qualitative and quantitative data followed. The mixed method approach enabled the researchers to approach the research question from different perspectives (Blinn-Pike et al, 1998). The results obtained can be used to develop a theory that will govern the mentor and mentee relationship. This was a quantitative study that sought to outline the significance of language and cultural education on the secondary achievement of Chinese-American and Korean-American students. This study was designed to understand how language and cultural education contributed to the performance of these students. This was after a clear indication that Chinese-American students who withheld their language and cultural education registered better grades in school. Therefore, the author sought to highlight the specific contribution of language and cultural education in propelling children from these ethnic groups to success. It had been noted that students of these ethnic groups who tried to become integrated into the American culture were not as successful as

Violence towards mental health nurses Research Paper

Violence towards mental health nurses - Research Paper Example In fact, the Australian Institute of Criminology has identified the health industry to be the most violent industry in the country, with registered nurses (RNs) recording the second highest number of violence-related workers compensation claims in year 1995 and 1996, ranking even higher than prison and police officers (Deans, 2004, p. 14). Patient violence on mental health care professionals not only leads to staff sickness and absenteeism but also to various psychological and mental distresses. Specific psychological problems include depression, anxiety, isolation, trauma (LeFlore & Bell, 2007, p. 147), post-traumatic stress disorders, loss of confidence, anger, fear, loss, distrust, and guilt (Whittington & Wykes, 1992; Doughty, 2005, p. 1). Understandably, these problems would adversely affect the therapeutic alliance between patients and HCPs (Watts & Morgan, 1994, p. 14; LeFlore & Bell, 2007, p. 147). In addition, this will also prevent optimal staff recruiting and retention of employees within the hospital (Doughty, 2005, p. 1). In a survey conducted by Duxbury & Whittington (2005, p. 469) on 80 mentally ill patients and 82 HCPs in three inpatient mental healthcare wards, it was found that that the patients regarded the poor facilities and communication as the two significant factors behind violence, whereas the nurses identified that the patients’ mental illness was the root cause for the violence. On the other hand, according to Glick and Fishkind (2008, p.117), the risk of violence in psychiatric care facilities include lower staff-to-patient ratio, higher percentage of female HCPs, and presence of staff without specific training in psychiatry or agression. The United States Department of Labor (2004, p. 7) also recognizes the lack of staff training as partly causing hostile and assaultive behavior of patients. Currently, the intervention strategies used to curb violence include stress management, rehabilitation of staff victims and providing th em a work environment that is not conducive to violent behavior (Warshaw & Messite, 1996, p. 993). Stathopoulou (2003, p. 4) suggested that the preventive measures on violence towards health care professionals should focus on three areas: hospital organization, arrangement of the physical environment, and staff training and development. Significance of the study With the increasing number of psychiatric patients, the potential for occupational violence for HCPs in psychiatric facilities is on the rise as well. The adverse effects of these incidents on work performance and retention of employees make it imperative for health institutions to provide effective means to prevent and manage aggression from psychiatric patients. Theoretical framework for the research methodology Figure 1. Theoretical framework for this research study This research proposal predicts that providing appropriate knowledge regarding the management and prevention of violent behavior from psychiatric patients thr ough training equips the HCPs the ability to protect themselves from the potential physical and psychological effects of aggressive behavior from their patients, and subsequently allows them to perform to the best of their abilities. Ultimately, the health institutions with trained HCPs benefit from increased work performance

Analysis of School Policies

Analysis of School Policies Introduction Assignment one is to review several policies in an existing school policy manual and to analyze each evaluating its efficacy. The school chosen for this assignment is Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School (MSPCS) located in Miami Shores, Florida. MSPCS is a small religious based school for students age eight weeks to fifth grade and provides families an affordable option for an outstanding academic and social-emotional program. Created in 1966 as a parents morning out program, MSPCS was, and is, well known for its small community and loving environment. The parents morning out program transitioned into a preschool program during the 1970s. In 1999 the church added a kindergarten class to their preschool program. Beginning in 2003 the school began to add one grade each year until finishing with the 5th-grade. In 2008 MSPCS had its first 5th-grade commencement. In July 2013 the school hired a new Headmaster, and a year later he hired a new preschool director. The school began developing a rigorous academic program. With an increased effort on providing students with a quality school experience and the hiring of new teachers with proper certification/credentials, the school is now seeing the benefits of the transformation. Policy Making Procedures The Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School Commission, appointed by the Miami Shores Presbyterian Church Session members, governs MSPCS. The School Commission has a set of specific by-laws, which clearly outline the role of the commission versus the school (Wirth). The policy manual is intended to provide guidelines and directives from the School Commission to the Headmaster regarding general policies, processes, and guiding beliefs of the School. As such, the document contains critical information for executing management plans and processes necessary to meeting and maintaining the school purposes stated in the Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School Bylaws. Policies outlined in the MSPCS Policy Manual may be altered, amended, newly established, or repealed by a two-thirds majority vote of the Commission at any regular or special meeting, providing that such changes be proposed and presented to the Commission in writing at a previously scheduled commission meeting at least two weeks prior. The Headmaster may create interim policies when necessary, and the policy will remain in effect until which time the Commission acts to establish permanent policy on the given matter. There are six overarching sections in the MSPCS Policy Manual. They are academic and educational, finance, health and safety, parents, personal and School Commission, and students. For the purpose of this assignment, analyzing one policy in each section would prove to be beneficial to gathering full insight into the creation, purpose, and efficacy of the schools manual. Challenge of Materials Policy Academic and Education Section Objectives: To establish a policy that helps Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School to respect the convictions of parents and teachers in various academic subject areas, while at the same time maintaining our goal of teaching all subjects in the light of a comprehensive Christian worldview. Scope: This policy applies to all literary materials used at Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School. Definitions: Objective Materials: A subject which Christian families and churches commonly consider divisive, whether or not the introduction of the topic was planned by the teacher or brought up by a student. Examples include: Environmentalism, the War Between the States, old earth/young earth, partisan politics, etc. Guidelines: The MSPC School Commission has the final authority in retaining or excluding a book from the collection. Any definition of objectionable material needs to keep our target readers in mind. The library exists to meet the needs of Elementary students. Materials that might be deemed inappropriate for younger readers will not be omitted on that basis. Parents/Guardians that feel a book contains offensive material should follow the following steps to address the issue: Bring the book in question to a Teacher, Media Specialist or Administrator. The Administrator or Media Specialist will review the book and determine if the offensive material is egregiously and indefensibly objectionable. If the material is not found to be egregiously and indefensibly objectionable, the book shall be returned to the collection. If the material is found to be objectionable, the book will be taken out of circulation. The Challenge of Materials Policy is an original policy from the prior administration, there is no reference number, and the creation date and author are unknown. The policy is designed to address a parent who questions a book or material that the school and the Commission deem to be appropriate. In 1986, in reply to questions from librarians facing book or material challenges, the Intellectual Freedom Committee (IFC) established a list of definitions to explain vocabulary related to challenges (Merola). The charge for the IFC was to recommend such steps as may be necessary to safeguard the rights of library users, libraries, and librarians, in accordance with the first amendment to the United States Constitution and the Library Bill of Rights as adopted by the ALA Council (Klipsch). The significant step of defining terms that are universal provides library staff with an appropriate and consistent terminology when responding to a complaint. With this understanding, to date, the MSPCS Challenge Material Policy has not been confronted or questioned. Therefore, no revision is necessary to this policy. Although the policy addresses adult concerns, it ultimately affects the students due to the potential of removing reading material and media from their library choices. Volunteer Hours Policy Finance Section Objective: To set guidelines for volunteering requirements of families with children who attend the elementary school of Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School. Scope: This policy applies to all families with children who participate in the elementary school of Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School. Guidelines: Parents or guardians of elementary school students must complete a minimum of 20 family hours of volunteer service per year. It is the sole responsibility of parents to sign-in and out on the volunteer card/sheet and to verify the card/sheet is validated by an MSPC or MSPCS staff representative. Volunteer hours that are not completed by April 30th will be charged the rate of $25.00 per hour to the familys account. The Volunteer Hours Policy is an original policy from the prior administration, there is no reference number, and the creation date and author are unknown. Establishing a policy for mandatory volunteerism theoretically helps support the school and their initiatives to meet the mission. This policy addresses apparent shortcomings or lack of desire for families to become involved with their childs education and other school matters. There is currently legislation in California and Pennsylvania in regards to parent volunteerism. In both instances, the legislation protects families that are required to volunteer at their childs school from their employer who may not allow the time off. As recently as January 01, 2016, California expanded upon the Family School Partnership Act allowing, employees to take job-protected time off to find, enroll, or re-enroll their children in a school or with a licensed child care provider (Corcoran, 2017). The volunteer policy at MSPCS requires families to serve a minimum of twenty volunteer hours per year or pay $25 for each hour under the required minimum. A volunteer is defined by Merriam-Webster (1960) as, a person who voluntarily (proceeding from the will or from ones own choice or consent) undertakes or expresses a willingness to undertake a service. By definition, requiring volunteer hours is an oxymoron and furthermore, charging individuals for not completing the requirement could be justification for litigation. The policy is in need of elimination more than a revision. When parents understand and appreciate the significance of their support, a punitive Ifà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ then policy is not necessary. When prospective parents come to school, they receive the mission statement and discuss its importance with an administrator.   The first part of the schools mission statement is A Christ-inspired experience. Being Christ-inspired means for an individual to broaden their se nse of giving to others. As long as parents understand the importance of their participation in their childs education, there is no need of a policy requiring their presence. Evacuation, Reverse Evacuation, and Safety Drills Policy Health and Safety Section Objective: To set guidelines for Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School stakeholders in being prepared for an event when they may be in potential danger. Scope: This policy applies to all Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School stakeholders. Definitions: Evacuation: The immediate and urgent movement of people out of a building from the threat or actual occurrence of a hazard. Reverse Evacuation: The immediate and urgent movement of people inside the building from the threat or actual occurrence of a hazard. Lockdown: A confinement of all individuals to a secure location due to a perceived or real threat. Guidelines: All drills (evacuation, reverse evacuation, and lockdown) will be held on a monthly basis. During the first week of school, staff members shall take their class for a practice fire drill. Follow the evacuation map in the room using the primary route. The secondary route is also noted, and there will be one fire drill a year when the secondary route will be utilized. The school is equipped with an intercom, fire alarm system and sprinkler system. The Evacuation, Reverse Evacuation, and Safety Drills Policy is an original policy from the prior administration with two key additions from the current administration in 2013. There is no reference number, and the creation date and author are unknown. Before 2013, the policy only addressed evacuation drills. The drill is typical in all United States schools and is mandated by federal law. The federal Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), which oversees Floridas business safety and health structure, requires that companies with ten or more employees have written fire prevention and emergency exit plans, as well as practices for such an emergency for each workplace. During 2013, the new MSPCS administration included the reverse evacuation and lockdown safety drills to the policy in reaction to the climate of todays society of schools under attack by unstable or angry people. The first known instance of a reverse evacuation drill policy was after the state of Kentucky put out a school crisis planning guide, and then FEMA included the policy in their guide (Dorn). Additionally, in 2013, a lockdown drill was instituted at MSPCS. On December 14, 2012, a tragedy occurred at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut, when a disturbed man went into the school and shot many students and several teachers. The administration recognized the potential of this occurring anywhere and why it is important to establish a policy for children and educators to understand and know what to do in this type of emergency. The Federal Government does not mandate lockdown drills. However, several states have legislation in place requiring schools practice lockd owns as frequently as they practice evacuation drills. Each of the safety drills and their continued practices is essential to keeping students and educators prepared for an emergency situation. No one can tell how someone may react in an actual emergency, but having the knowledge of what to do, may decrease further stresses or even casualties. There are no plans to revise this policy, because of the eminent danger that society faces. Parental Non-Compliance Policy Parent Section Objective: To establish a set procedure for Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School administrators when parents are not in compliance with school policy or procedures. Scope: This policy applies to any time administration believes parents are not in compliance with school policy or procedures. Definitions: Non-Compliance: Failure to act in accordance with a wish or command or inability to conform to rules or standards. Guidelines: When an incident is considered serious enough according to the schools parameters, all family members will be asked to withdraw from the school regardless of previous incidents. In most instances, the following will take place: FIRST INCIDENT: Written notification regarding the incident or offense will be sent to the family and placed in the families file. A parent or guardian may be required to attend a meeting, at school, with the Administration. SECOND INCIDENT: Written notification regarding the incident or offense will be sent to the family and placed in the families file. The parent, parents, or guardian will be required to attend a meeting with the Administration. The family will be put on probation for the remainder of the school year. THIRD INCIDENT: All family members will be asked to withdraw from school the following year, or if deemed appropriate, immediately. The administration has an obligation to inform the School Commission of any incident that reaches non-compliance status. In the event of family withdrawal, the School Commission has final authority to accept or reject the administrations recommendation. The Parental Non-Compliance Policy is an original policy from the prior administration along with a recent 2015 revision by the new administration. Included in the revised version are the three step process and the paragraph giving final authority to the School Commission. Adding both parts to the policy ensures and protects the family and the administration from emotional decision making. There is no federal or state legislation on parental non-compliance at school, but many private schools do have some policy written to safeguard all parties. All members of a school community, including families, educators, students, visitors, and the administration, have the intention to work in partnership to provide the children the best experiences in their education and care. From the onset, families and staff agree at the time of acceptance or employment to acquaint themselves with and meet the terms of the schools philosophy and Code of Ethics. There are times when behaviors or actions go against the philosophy or code. Therefore, it is essential to have a policy and process for dealing with such occurrences. If the administration selects families into the school community that are mission appropriate and who can abide by the schools philosophy, then this policy, in theory, would not be necessary. Unfortunately, circumstance can arise, and each party needs to be protected and valued during trying times. In the next revision, an initial step of a verbal warning may be beneficial in providing due process to the policy and may mitigate any further escalation. Currently, the first step is to write up a warning of the incident, and this does not comply with the schools Caring Community philosophy. Within the Caring School philosophy, one of the schools goals is to empower and listen to others to further understand their perspective. A conversation to express the school displeasure with a parents behavior or action allows the parent to provide their point of view. Through respectful and honest conversation, the school and parents may agree on a solution without further incident or create hard feelings. Evaluations/Personnel File Policy Staff, Personnel, and School Commission Section Objectives: To ensure consistency of procedure and standards in all performance assessments of the staff of MSPCS. Scope: This policy applies to commission evaluations of the Headmaster, the Headmasters evaluation of administrative staff, and the Directors assessments of the teaching staff. Definitions: Evaluation: A procedure for measuring a staff members performance in helping to achieve the goals and policies of MSPCS, the curriculum objectives of the school, and the observation of the guidelines and handbooks. Personnel File: A file maintained by the Headmaster in the administrative office of MSPCS for all faculty and staff members of the school. General Statement: Several fundamental principles underlie the MSPCS approach to supervision and evaluation. These principles are grounded in current research that identifies effective instructional practices that maximize student learning and achievement. The MSPCS model for supervision and evaluation recognizes the importance of linking teacher evaluation to professional development and student learning. It also acknowledges the value of a differentiated structure that supports teachers at varying stages of their career and experience and promotes greater teacher involvement in the evaluation process. At MSPCS we recognize the importance of the supervision, evaluation, and Professional Growth process. The MSPCS Supervision, Evaluation, PGP program incorporates supervisory options connected to personal growth in a collaborative environment. MSPCS is a professional community, which encourages feedback and reflection as a means of promoting continuous teacher growth and improved student achievement. Meaningful feedback comes from multiple and diverse sources and provides an opportunity for reflection which sharpens our teachers skills of self-assessment. Supervision, Evaluation, and Professional Growth is an interactive process perceived as valuable by all involved. The MSPCS program involves assessment structures that promote an array of reflective, creative and analytic skills. In the MSPCS program, outstanding teaching is studied, sought, recognized and supported. By promoting structures that encourage professional development, a reflective school culture and research-based practices; MSPCS ensures that it will remain focused on its mission, vision, and continued goal to improve student achievement. The objective of teacher supervision, evaluation, and professional learning is to increase student achievement by encouraging and supporting the professional growth of all teachers. Administrators Assurance The MSPCS Supervision, Evaluation, and Professional Growth Plan will: Provide clear, concise, comprehensive teaching standards based on current research of best teaching practice. Provide a fair, clear system for teacher evaluation used on current research. Provide useful, timely feedback related to MSPCS teaching standards to guide professional development goals. Foster a culture of trust, mutual respect, and constructive professional dialogue, which encourages risk taking in a learning community. Refine the craft of teaching through reflection and risk-taking. Utilize data from student assessment to guide teaching practice as related to MSPCS teaching standards. Encourage teachers to chart their course for professional development. Value the diversity of teachers perspective, skills, knowledge, and practice. All MSPCS educators will have: Support and encouragement from the Preschool Director, Headmaster and other staff members. Reviewed procedures and be informed on the supervision and evaluation format and forms. Professional development goals that incorporate one or more of the MSPCS Teaching Standards. Numerous opportunities to be observed through walkthroughs. An annual formal written observation grounded on teacher reflection and growth. Opportunities to discuss their growth with the Preschool Director or Headmaster. Guidelines: All employees will be formally evaluated at least once a year. Each director will be responsible for assessing the teachers and staff members immediately under his/her supervision. The Headmaster will be responsible for the evaluations of the directors, the accounting staff, and other support staff, and the commission will be responsible for the assessment of the Headmaster. The evaluations will be based principally on formal observations of the staff member and interviews with the staff member. Observations and opinions of third parties (parents, other staff members, individual commission members, etc.) may only be taken into account if the staff member being evaluated is given an opportunity to respond to the third partys questions/concerns raised before the finalization of the evaluation. The evaluation will be considered finalized when the staff member being evaluated and the one responsible for the evaluation both acknowledge by signature that the assessment has been discussed in detail. When the evaluation is finalized, the Headmaster will place it in that staff members personnel file. Other appropriate inclusions in the archive of staff would include letters of commendation or reprimand, as well as any responses, comments, or relevant data the staff member may wish to add. Under no conditions will a staff members personnel file be made public to other staff members, parents, or anyone outside MSPCS line of authority. The file of staff may be used by an authorized representative of MSPCS to draft a letter of recommendation to a prospective employer. The file is only to be used for purposes of refreshing the memory and is not to be reproduced for the prospective employer. The Evaluations/Personnel File Policy, entirely rewritten in 2016, from the original policy that was not a policy but more of an outline of procedures. In the original policy, there was no mention of school beliefs or the purposes of the assessment. Also, the wording in the original policy was punitive and full of if-than statements as opposed to helping an educator grow and develop their skills. Often formal evaluations cause stress to an educator, because of the judgment or perception of another persons point of view placed on the individual. At MSPCS, the elimination of judgment and the focus on individual improvement and self-reflection help create a positive experience for all parties during evaluations. Marzanos model of instructional evaluation focuses on specific strategies and how well they are working. Taken one step further, MSPCS adds a component where the teacher generates the level of specificity during a self-reflection period and a pre-observation meeting with the administrator. During the pre-observation meeting, the teacher shares the learning targets for the students and how they plan to prepare the students for the lesson. The teacher provides a brief overview of the sequencing and strategies of the content of the lesson, how the students will practice or demonstrate the new content, and how students will summarize the lesson. During the meeting, the teach er selects an area they would like to improve upon and asks the administrator to assess him/her on a specific task or technique. Additionally, the teacher prescribes two or three questions that he/she would like the administrator to ask the students. During the observation, the administrator documents what is heard or seen, without opinion or judgment. He/She then moves around the room asking the prescribed questions the teacher presented to him/her during the pre-observation meeting and documents the answers the students gave to him/her. A post-observation meeting is held within a day or two to capture the momentum and to provide effective feedback. The meeting always begins with the question, On a scale of one to ten, ten being the best, what would you rate your lesson? Not one person in seven years of asking the question has rated themselves a ten, which means the conversation begins with the understanding that everyone has room to improve. Much of the conversation revolves around the administrator continually asking what do you think and why do you think type questions, because the process is a self-reflection, not a judgment of being good or poor. After analyzing the data, we set goals to work on for the next observation, which may not be a formal one. The idea of the evaluation as a growth process instead of a judgment allows teachers to step back and truly look inward at their practice in a non-threatening way. There are no plans to change this policy as it has proven to be very effective. Discipline Policy Student Section Objectives: To ensure consistent biblical discipline at Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School. Scope: This policy applies to all elementary students at Miami Shores Presbyterian Church School. Definitions: Discipline: The practice of instructing and training people to understand and adhere to rules or a code of behavior. Guidelines: Each class develops their student appropriate discipline guidelines. Under no circumstances is corporal punishment allowed. Staff members may not withhold the bathroom, withhold food or belittle the student. MSPCS believes that everyone has the right to experience a safe and friendly school environment. Therefore, we have expectations that students will: Keep hands, feet and all objects to themselves. Show respect for adults and other students. Cooperate and show self-control at all times. Follow directions the first time without questioning. Be prepared for class each day. Be punctual and attend class each day. The school will not tolerate any of the following behaviors and may be cause for expulsion: Verbal and physical fighting. Defacing or damaging school property. Theft of school or personal property. The use of profanity or name-calling. Procedures: When a student violates classroom/school rules for the first time, teachers will discuss the infraction with the student and document the incident. In the event a student commits a second infraction, the teacher will contact the parent to discuss the issue and document the parent/teacher conference as a Step Two Referral. A parent must be contacted for a StepTwo Referral to be completed. If a third infraction occurs, the StepThree Referral must be documented on the referral form. If the student is disrupting the class to the point where learning cannot take place in the classroom, they may be sent to speak with the Preschool Director or Headmaster. If infractions continue to occur and are impeding upon the learning process for the student and others, the student may be sent home. A follow-up meeting will happen with the Preschool Director or Headmaster when the student returns to school. This session will be reflective in nature and to set guidelines and goals for the student to meet. All missed class work due to an infraction of a rule must be completed at home and returned to the teacher when the student arrives back to school. Transgressions, including but not limited to fighting, weapons, severe disrespect, bullying, etc. will result in disciplinary action which may include dismissal from school, even for a first offense. Also, if the MSPCS staff identify, through the course of observation and discussion with parents, that a students particular behavioral issues are beyond the capacity of the program to serve them, the school reserves the right to terminate enrollment at any time. The Discipline Policy is an original policy from the prior administration, there is no reference number, and the creation date and author are unknown. All schools have a discipline policy because it is a critical element in maintaining a safe environment for students and staff. In many schools, a discipline policy states all of the things a student cannot do and what will happen if they do it. At MSPCS, the student discipline policy is more of a threat of words on paper, because the current administration does not believe in sending students home as a punishment. Skiba, Shure, Middelberg, Baker (2011) offer there is no evidence proving that discipline practices that eliminate students from classes by the punitive acts of suspensions and expulsions help to improve either student behavior or school climate. Instead of sending a student home, where they will often be unsupervised, developing an effective intervention at school is more in line with the schools Caring Community philosophy. Another part of this policy that is inaccurate is in the first line that states consistent biblical discipline. The Bibles view on discipline clearly demands that parents be responsible and diligent in spanking, but strongly prohibits physical abuse of any kind (Ingram, 2006). Further, in the MSPCS student discipline policy, it states under no circumstances is corporal punishment allowed. At MSPCS, the administration is not reinforcing the written policy properly, and the language in the policy is sending mixed messages to our families. An easy fix to the discrepancy is to eliminate the word biblical from the policy. However, a complete rewrite of the policy is necessary to match the schools philosophy of a Caring Community and preserving dignity for all. The Caring Community requires a positive-based discipline program where students are self-reflective and empowered while maintaining their dignity. The goal is for students to take responsibility for their actions and learn from each of their experiences. At MSPCS, the school teaches students to look inward to work towards developing intrinsic motivation, while at the same time reducing teacher-centric external motivation. The objective is to influence change in a students undesirable behavior through conversation, demonstration, and sending a consistent message. At MSPCS teachers receive training in the art of being an authoritative classroom leader. Bear (2010) states, An authoritative teacher set high standards and hold high expectations; enforce rules and standards in a firm, fair, and consistent manner; and promote autonomy by encouraging students active participatio

The Continual Emerging Threat and Use of Weapons of Mass Destruction By Terrorist Organizations to the United States of America

The utilization of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) by terrorist groups and states alike will continue to threaten the U. S. Homeland and its interests abroad. The National Intelligence Council (NIC) provided the following estimate of this emerging threat in its December 2000 analysis of global trends through the year 2015 (Cordesman, 2002).Strategic WMD threats, including nuclear missile threats in which (barring significant political or economic changes) Russia, China, most likely North Korea, probably Iran, and possibly Iraq have the capability to strike the United States, and the potential for unconventional delivery of WMD by both state or non-state actors also will grow (p. 3).The NIC report additionally goes on to discuss the accessibility and advancement of technology for WMD will increase, saying: Prospects will grow that more sophisticated weaponry, including weapons of mass destruction–indigenously produced or externally acquired–will get into the hands of s tate and non-state belligerents, some hostile to the United States. The likelihood will increase over this period that WMD will be used either against the United States or is forces, facilities, and interests overseas (p. ). For these and other reasons, individuals in the security and law enforcement profession need to continue to maintain their focus on the capabilities and the potentiality of WMD use by a variety of interests. I use this paper as an opportunity to further educate myself on the use of WMD by terrorist organizations. I do this by giving an overview of the many types of threats that fall into the category of WMD, to include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear.I then continue my education by looking at the countries involved with WMD. I'll conclude the paper with looking specifically at some of Iraq's capabilities and programs. Chemical weapons pose significant threats to both the civilian populace and military organization. One of the biggest reason chemi cal weapons pose such a threat to both of these groups is the psychological effect caused by their use. Although chemical weapons are no more lethal then conventional weaponry, they cause great fear when even someone thinks of them being used.The most common example would be the exploitations of the media and the footage seen of the Kurds in Iraq when Saddam Hussein used blister and nerve agents. Not only were there dead civilians laying in the streets, but gruesome pictures of the effect that these agents have on the body, both to those killed and survivors. â€Å"Chemical weapons are weapons of terror and intimidation as well as a means of producing casualties and physical destruction† (Cordesman, 2002, p. 101). In 2003 the Department of Defense (DoD) stated that most forms of CW are employed in the liquid form, called droplets.Droplets make the substance more stable and easy for use in weaponry. The DoD also put chemical weapons into two categories, persistent and nonpersi stent–persistent lasting for days, and nonpersistent only lasting from minutes to hours (Defenselink, 2003). The U. S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC) put CWs into a few distinct categories, these being; nerve agents such as VX, blood agents like hydrogen cyanide, blister agents like sulfur mustards, and pulmonary agents like chlorine. The latter are the more commonly used and known, but there are also many more†¦ specially the ones that fall into the commercial category, such as metals, pesticides, etc†¦ (Kahn & Levitt, 2000). Most organizations wishing to use some type of WMD tend not to turn to chemicals as their primary weapon. There are many challenges facing someone that wants to effectively employing CWs. The DoD (Defenselink, 2003) lists a variety of issues concerning the factors that must be considered. These factors include; agent type, how it will be disseminated, amount available to be disseminated (droplet size), meteorological conditions, including t emperature, wind speed and direction.Without the right combination of all of these factors, the desired outcome will be greatly reduced. An additional challenge is that of actually acquiring and/or producing a chemical to be used as a weapon. The Gilmore Commission (1999) gives the following example for explaining just how difficult it would be. It has sometimes been claimed that producing sarin and other nerve agents is a relatively easy process, to the extent, according to one authority, that â€Å"ball-point pen ink is only one chemical step removed†.While sarin may be less complicated to synthesize than other nerve agents, the expertise required to produce it should not, however, be underestimated. The safety challenges involved would, at a minimum, require skill, training, and special equipment to overcome. For this reason, the level of competency required for producing sophisticated chemical nerve agents, including sarin, will likely be on the order of a graduate degree in organic chemistry and/or actual experience as a organic chemist–not simply a knowledge of college-level chemistry, as is sometimes alleges (p. 91).Although the Gilmore Commission points the necessity to have the required level of expertise for composing chemicals into weapons grade, there are many countries that already posses a vast array of CWs. Terrorist organizations without access to CWs or the expertise to produce them, resort to using resources they do have (normally money, but sometimes services) to exchange with countries that do have CWs. According to Cordesman (2002) the following countries are potential national threats because of their chemical weapons program: China, India, Iran, Iraq, Libya, North Korea, Pakistan, and Russia.Russia has the largest stockpile, 40,000 metric tons of chemical agents. Even more frightening is that reportedly some of this stockpile is comprised of â€Å"new agents†. These new agents are designed to circumvent Western detec tion methods and can be hidden within commercial chemical plants. The employment challenges of CWs are far out-weighed by the vast capability to acquire them, and the terror effect they have. Biological Weapons (BW) pose a significant risk to U. S. interests for many reasons. There are a wide range of agents with many different effects and they offer a wide range of ways to attack American citizens, crops, and livestock† (Cordesman, 2002, p. 135). The World Health Organization (2000) explained the significance of BW and diseases by recounting history, pointing out Napoleon's devastating retreat from Moscow. This wasn't caused by the great Russian Army or even the cold temperatures of the Russian winter, but because of typhus, a louse-borne infection that reduced his army from 655,000 to 93,000.Cordesman (2002) states that there are five categories: bacterial agents such as anthrax, rickettsial agents like the Rocky Mountain spotted fever, viral agents like small pox, toxins in cluding botulinum, and fungal agents. The above agents are the major ones that would be used to pose a threat to humans, there are many others that would affect plant and animal life. The Center for Disease Control (Kahn & Levitt, 2000) further categorizes agents that are a threat to national security, labeling them â€Å"high priority†. These high priority agents: â€Å"- can be disseminated or transmitted person-to-person cause high mortality, with potential for major public health impact – might cause public panic and social disruption; and – require special action for public health. † As with chemical weapons, biological weapons offer a psychological threat, but additionally the BWs bring a great deal of physiological issues. Much of the challenge with biological weapons occurs when trying to detect that one (or many) have been used. There are many ways that BWs could be used covertly, and the medical symptoms becoming visible long after the terrorist has departed.The CDC (Kahn & Levitt, 2000) outlines this fact and emphasizing the importance of early detection by the public health infrastructure by giving this scenario: Only a short window of opportunity will exist between the time the first cases are identified and a second wave of the population becomes ill. During that brief period, public health officials will need to determine that an attack has occurred, identify the organism, and prevent more casualties through prevention strategies (e. g. , mass vaccination or prophylactic treatment).As person-to-person contact continues, successive waves of transmission could carry infection to other worldwide localities. Another twist that a terrorist might use to inhibit the effective detection is to employ a variety of different BWs at the same time. Health care workers would potentially read the symptoms of only one of them used, while the other continues to grow, infect further, and kill. In addition to BWs being very opportunisti c for covert use, the DoD (Defenselink, 2003) says that BWs are preferable to chemical or nuclear WMD because of being very compact and low in weight.The DoD additionally went on to say that the â€Å"dissemination of infectious agents through aerosols, either as droplets from liquid suspensions or by small particles from dry powders, is by far the most efficient method† (Defenselink, 2003, p. 5). A Russian assessment of microbiological agents mostly likely to be used identified eleven. The top four were smallpox, plague, anthrax, and botulism. These were at the top because of the ability to be used as an aerosol, and their theoretical lethality rates being 30 percent to 80 percent and because of their capability to be massed produced (Henderson, 1999).There are two countries besides the United States that are well know for their pursuit of weaponizing biological weapons, Iraq and the Soviet Union. In 1975 the Soviet Union used the biotechnology industry as a front for its we apons program, called Bioprepart†. The program had the capability to mass thousands of tons of agents and distribute and store them strategically throughout the Soviet Union. The program also included the ability to rapidly produce these stored agents to weapons grade levels (Alibek, 1999).According to some intelligence analysis this program involved 60,000 to 70,000 personnel (Roberts, 2000). Even more alarming was that a vast amount of these were â€Å"infectious agents designed to follow up a strategic nuclear attack on the United States with contagious diseases designed to decimate the population (Alibek, 1999). Although the looming threat to the United States from the former Soviet Union isn't as prevalent with the ending of the Cold War, the possibility of these technologies and actual agents falling into the hands of rogue states or terrorists, is a very good possibility.The General Accounting Office (GAO) (2000) states that in addition to the large collections of dang erous pathogens, there are also as many as 15,000 underpaid scientists and researchers, and an additional vast amount of specialized equipment and facilities just waiting to be exploited. This concern, in addition to the many outlined above concretely justify the continued efforts by the United States to counter attacks to its interests through the use of biological weapons. The likelihood of a conventional explosive vehicle bomb like the one used in the Oklahoma City bombing by Timothy McVeigh still posses a serious risk.Recently there has been a concern of these conventional vehicle bombs also including radioactive material. â€Å"Radiological weapons are generally felt to be suitable largely for terror, political, and area denial purposes, rather than mass killings† (Cordesman, 2002, p. 194). Cordesman (2002) further goes on to explain that as opposed to nuclear weapons, radioactive material posses such a great threat because of its contamination capability. Therefore, rad ioactive weapons are best suited for use when wanting to deny accessibility of a specific area or building/s.A Gilmore Commission Report (1999) explained that, A combination fertilizer truck bomb, if used together with radioactive material, for example, could not only have destroyed one of the New York World Trade Center's towers but might have rendered a considerable chunk of prime real estate in one of the world's financial nerve centers indefinitely unusable because of radioactive contamination. Radioactive weapons are designated into two categories, â€Å"radiological dispersal devices† (RDD) and â€Å"simple radiological dispersal devices† (simple RDD).As Cordesman (2002) points out, the main difference between the two being that a RDD is designed to â€Å"include any explosive device utilized to spread radioactive material upon detonation†, and the simple RDD â€Å"spreads the radioactive material without an explosion†. There are a couple of differe nt types of radioactive material that could be used as RDD or as simple RDDs. The list includes hospital radiation therapy, radiopharmaceuticals, nuclear power plant fuel rods, and universities, laboratories, radiography and gauging (Cordesman 2002).The Gilmore Commission Report (1999) explains the harmful effects caused by radioactive material by saying, â€Å"Radiological weapons kill or injure by exposing people to radioactive materials, such as cesium-137, iridium-192, or cobalt-60. † The harm is caused by a variety of different ways including in-haling it, or ingesting it (contaminated food or water supply). The level of the harm caused is of course determinate of the amount of exposure to the radioactive material, long periods or short periods. The difficult thing to assess initially is the level of exposure.The U. S. Army (2002) explains that lethal and serious doses are very difficult to determine, even within the same geographical area. Additionally the U. S. Army (2 002) points out that symptoms and effects are largely changed if someone has burns on their body or their body has been through physical trauma, which is almost certainly the case if most scenarios (except for maybe covertly) that would involve radiological contamination. For these reasons, early detection of decontamination is imperative.The U. S. Army's USACHPPM report (2002) goes on to explain that once prompt detection has occurred, â€Å"about 95 percent of external agents can be removed by simple removing outer clothing and shoes†. So where would a terrorist group mostly likely acquire radioactive material to be used as a WMD, and furthermore, what is the likelihood that they would chose radioactive material as their weapon as opposed to, lets say nuclear? The former Soviet Union posses a threat regarding the lack of control over its any radiological materials, especially the â€Å"accumulation of large quantities of plutonium from reactors that is intended for reproce ssing and/or storage. † (Defenselink, 2002, p. 2). The DoD (Defenselink, 2002) also points out that Iraq and Chechnya have furthered their knowledge of radioactive weapons that could be used to contaminate water, food crops, and livestock. It further concludes that with many countries (Korea, etc†¦ ) advancing their nuclear power interests, radiological material will be tougher to monitor and control, and thus easier to acquire.One of our biggest threats may not be from a conventional weapon with radioactive material, or even the contamination of water or food, but direct contamination through the exploitation of a nuclear power plant right here in the United States. Even though an attack on a nuclear power plant would have to take a great deal of timing during the planning phase, it could produce very effective results. â€Å"The possible venting or overload of a reactor could then act as a radiological weapon, and cover hundreds of square kilometers as well as have a m ajor potential affect on regional power supplies (Cordesman, 2002, p. 97). † Some theorize that the method of using an existing nuclear power plant would elevate the hazards that go alone acquiring radioactive material. The Gilmore Commission Report (1999) points out that spent fuel rods are very hot, heavy and thus hard to handle. Cordesman (2002, p. 197) concurs with the Gilmore Commission stating, † A seizure of spent fuel would be particularly dangerous during the first 150 days after the downloading because iodine-131, and iodine-123 are present, which are extremely volatile, and affect the thyroid†.There is still a great deal to be learned about the potential loss and employment of radiological materials, and ultimately the use of it by a terrorist or state would have on a population or army. When it comes to the use of nuclear weapons of mass destruction, the retaliatory consequences of their use would probably discourage the would be state or terrorist to u se them. There are many other reasons that would prohibit a terrorist group from having the capability to do so, but as some experts have argued, when it comes to the homeland defense, security planners must look at a time-frame twenty five years from now (Cordesman, 2002).The DoD (Defenselink, 2002) makes the point by explaining that no one foresaw the Cold War ending so quickly, or that twenty five years ago the Persian Gulf War would have happened†¦ thus the need for such long range planning, and more importantly looking at what the capabilities could be out there, and the United States vulnerabilities to them. A great deal of the threat would come from countries that currently have nuclear programs, whether directly, or indirectly through the proliferation of technical expertise and equipment.Thus, we must look at these countries, and gain a firm understanding of their current programs. The DoD (OSD, 2001) gave the following overview in explaining the states with a potentia l nuclear threat to the United States. -Iran: Iran is currently actively pursuing the acquiring of fissile material and technology for nuclear weapons development. They are doing this by an elaborate system of military and civilian organizations. Iran's claim is that these elaborate systems are for the development of a civilian energy program–the DoD thinks otherwise. Much of the success of Iran's attempts will depend on Russia and China.Russia is currently in a mutual partnership with Iran to build a 1,000 megawatt power reactor. Iran is using this product to both acquire sensitive nuclear technologies, along with weapons-usable fissile material. China on the other hand ended its nuclear projects with Iran in 1997. Additionally, in 1998 China created new export controls over dual-use nuclear equipment†¦ it seems they're living up to their 1997 commitment. – North Korea: In 1994 an agreement between the United States and North Korea ended nuclear weapons material production at two of its facilities.In question, is whether North Korea was able to divert enough plutonium to make a nuclear weapon, the United States thinks it did. Also in question is the spent fuel from one of these reactors that was also removed in 1994. If this fuel was reprocessed it could've produced several nuclear weapons. – Pakistan: In response to India's testing, Pakistan tested six devices in 1998. Pakistan has a very good infrastructure to support a nuclear weapons program, especially facilities that allow for uranium conversion and enrichment.Much of the foreign assistance received by Pakistan was from China. The Pakistan's military government has been and will be for the foreseeable future be in control of its countries nuclear resources, to include research, and wartime command and control. Much of Pakistan's program is designed to deter the threat from India. Pakistan has publicly stated that it will not assemble or deploy its nuclear warheads, nor will it resume testing unless India does so first. – Syria: Syria has no current capability, but does have a small (China supplied) research reactor.Additionally, in 1999 Syria signed an agreement with Russian to build another research reactor. Although it has an interest in nuclear technology, it just doesn't have enough expertise and infrastructure to develop nuclear weapons, and therefore they are not pursuing it. Even though most believe that the retaliatory consequences of using a nuclear weapon would prohibit their use, there are still too many vulnerabilities to the United States which warrant careful consideration and homeland defense planning. One of these vulnerabilities is our communications and intelligence satellites.A nuclear weapon launched to a very high altitude would destroy the DoD's communications and intelligence satellites from the Electromagnet Pulse. We all know the significance of these satellites for the United States' war-fighting capability. Another vulner ability is the contamination of primary facilities, like ports and airfields. Both airfields and ports played an integral part of the success during Operation Desert Storm. The U. S. Air Forces' superiority over Iraq during the Gulf War would not have been as quick and extensive if it had to deal with contaminated and/or destroyed airfields. Defenselink, 2002). With Iraq being the major threat to the United States, both directly and indirectly (support of terrorist groups), Iraq's Weapons of Mass Destruction capabilities are addressed completely separate from the rest of this research. Laqueur (1999) noted that a great deal of Iraq's WMD program was unknown to the United States and world prior to the Gulf War, even though they had used in during the war with Iran and on the Kurds in their own country. Prior to the Gulf War, Iraq admitted to having 2,850 tons of ustard gas, 790 tons of sarin. Additionally, when the Gulf War began, Iraq had fifty missile warheads with chemical weapons . These figures were from Iraq, so the actual extent of their program was unknown (Laqueur, 1999). In October, 2002 the Central Intelligence Agency issued a report outlining its concerns for Iraq's continued development of WMD. Some of the conclusions made by the CIA (2002) include; – Iraq acquiring it's first nuclear weapon will depend mostly on its ability to acquire fissile-material.Once this is done it could have a nuclear weapon within one year. Additionally, Iraq has made an effort to purchase high-strength aluminum tubes that could be use for conventional weapons, but most conclude that it is for the nuclear centrifuge enrichment process. – It is believed that Iraq has stocked a few hundred metric tons of chemical agents, mostly consisting of mustard, sarin, and VX. – Efforts in the biological weapon program are very active and larger than prior to the Gulf War. Iraq still has a small missile force to include Short Range Ballistic Missiles with ranges of 650-900 km. Additionally, extensive research and tests have been done with unmanned arial vehicles, most likely to be used for delivery biological warfare agents. Concluding this review of Weapons of Mass Destruction, as the information provided above points out, there is an obvious threat to the United States' homeland and interests abroad from the use of WMD. Significant differences between nuclear and chemical or biological WMD exist.All three types of weapons can kill or injure personnel and spread contamination over broad areas, only nuclear weapons can destroy equipment and facilities. † (Defenselink, 2002) This of course has a cost factor. Many civilian chemical and biological production facilities can easily be turned into a weapons program, where a nuclear program would cost a great deal more. Henderson (2001, p. 29) makes the point about the attitude of 21st century terrorists by stating, â€Å"Weapons of mass destruction are becoming more accessible to terrorists.T hey appeal most to â€Å"new terrorist† who seek total destruction for symbolic reasons. † From a military standpoint, a great deal more emphasis must be placed on the policy makers and planners for DoD doctrine that applies to chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats. As technology and capable means of proliferation of these threats, so will the use of them against us. Much of this planning as been done in the past, but we have only begun to prepare ourselves for the terrorist or state that is likely to use Weapons of Mass Destruction.Further emphasizing the importance of this issue, the Center for Strategic and International Studies in May of 2001 concluded, â€Å"There is no way to predict the nature of the WMD threat to the U. S. homeland in the near or long term. The U. S. military superiority in itself is no longer sufficient to ensure the safety of the United States. National security planning must be broadened to encompass WMD counterterrorism. à ¢â‚¬  (Cilluffo, Cardash, & Lederman, 2001, p. 9). Only a few months later on September 11, 2001 there point was further made.