Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing

Introduction It is quite interesting to note that methods of psychological testing have evolved over the years to incorporate a variety of new practices, methods of evaluation and even treatment in regards to mental illness (Matarazzo, 1992). For example, what is known today as post traumatic stress disorder was largely undiagnosed in the past and had been primarily thought of us as being isolated to individuals who went to war.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, it is generally attributed to instances involving a sufficiently traumatic event that can result in a â€Å"mental scar† so to speak that would require successive methods of psychological testing and evaluation to diagnose and treat. By understanding the historical underpinnings of psychological testing, we are able to come to the realization that as a field of medicine, psychology has experienced a considerable degree of trial and error due to complexities of the human mind (Yanovski, Nelson, 1993). Some of what was generally known as fact in the past is known as fiction today and vice versa. As such, through an understanding of past procedures we begin to question the effectiveness of present day processes and as a result strive to investigate whether alternative methods of evaluation, treatment and testing can be implemented so as to create a better scenario for the patient. Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing It must also be noted that by exploring the historical roots of psychological testing students are in effect introduced to the mistakes, ridiculous assumptions and often times bizarre types of treatments that were often utilized in the past to test and treat patients (Ash, 1971). Through exposure to such lessons, students are in effect shown the evolution of psy chological testing and how gaps in understanding and research often lead to flawed assumptions resulting in dubious if not highly unethical testing and treatment methods. By understanding the necessity of a thorough understanding of intricacies of the mind, students within the field of psychological begin to develop the basic foundations of the ethical and scientific guidelines that are necessary within the field (Bizot, 1998). This helps to ensure that they avoid instances where they do more harm than good with the patients under their care through either misdiagnosis during testing or improper methods of treatment being implemented. Developing an Understanding of Present Day Processes From another perspective, it can actually be assumed that by understanding the historical roots of psychological testing students are in effect given a preview as to how present day testing procedures evolved and how they will continue to evolve in the future which should greatly influence how the fi eld progresses in terms of its correlation to advances in scientific developments.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More What must be understood is that by examining the historical roots of psychological testing, students will be able see how intertwined it is with advances in technological development. They will come to realize that as technology advances so too does it broaden our ability to understand the mind and that the present day means by which we understand and implement methods of psychological testing is inherently limited by the technological innovation that enabled such procedures to be developed in the first place. As such, by developing the understanding that as a field psychology is still â€Å"incomplete† so to speak this enables the creation of the mindset that focuses on developing new methods of evaluation, testing and treatment based on a better underst anding of the mind. Reference List Ash, P. (1971). A History of Psychological Testing (Book). Personnel Psychology, 24(3), 539-543. Bizot, E. B. (1998). Book reviews. American Journal Of Evaluation, 19(2), 255. Matarazzo, J. D. (1992). Psychology testing and assessment in the 21st century.  American Psychologist, 47(8), 1007. Yanovski, S., Nelson, J. E. (1993). Association of binge eating disorder and psychiatric comorbidity in obese subjects. American Journal Of Psychiatry,  150(10), 1472. This research paper on Necessity of Understanding the Historical Roots of Psychological testing was written and submitted by user Rayden G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Miscellaneous essays

Miscellaneous essays Perhaps more often than men, women in movies are depicted as being constrained by societal expectations even as they are expected not to be boringly ordinary; In the films Queen Margot, Camille Claudel, Children of Paradise and Breathless, different leading actresses take on different parts. What these movies have in common are their portrayal of societies limits on women and at the same time, how women seem able to go around these limitations. Queen Margot is set in 16th century, a time of political deception and religious persecution. Margot, in an effort to end the hostilities between two religious groups, is married to the opposition. Margot has no love or interest in her new husband, and despite her marriage vows, she finds a lover in La Mole. The significance of Margots role in this film is how it portrays women at that time. Needless to say, her character was a bit on the promiscuous side. Not only was she sleeping with her brothers, but she was practically sleeping with anyone. This depicts a very non-representational view of women at that time. Although society at that time would frown upon actions taken by Margot, she found ways to live accordingly. At the same time, she had a reasonable amount of power. It is hard to categorize her with other women because she was royalty, but either way her brothers seemed to have the upper hand. Since ancient times, women artists have been creating alongside their male counterparts. Many of these women were highly successful during their lifetimes, yet have been omitted from art historical documentation. In the movie Camille Claudel, Camille is always in her counterpart/lovers shadow. A logical explanation why is because of the fact that she is a woman. Camille was seen as a "disgrace" to her society. She was not doing something that was accepted out of women. One part in the movie, she is act...

Our newest release - 13 months in the making!

Our newest release - 13 months in the making! Our newest release – 13 months in the making! It’s been almost 13 months since our last updated, but we’ve been working hard over that time period to make a better web application. And we still have a lot to do. Thanks so much for your patience. Take a look around and get yourself acquainted with the changes that have been made. Read all about it below: Tooltip help – we’ve introduced â€Å"tooltip help† to . When entering information about your source into the form fields, hold your cursor over the field label (indicated by blue text and a dotted underline) and you will see a tooltip pop up. This will provide details of the formatting rules and guidelines that are relevant to the source you are citing. Citation tagging – you can now tag individual citations, in order to categorize them by subject, author, or any other area of interest. This feature is available on the â€Å"My Saved Bibliographies† page. Once you tag citations, you can filter by them and see a list of citations with a specific tag. You can then download this filtered list or save it as a new bibliography! Improved â€Å"My Bibliography† interface – we’ve made many changes to the way your in-progress bibliography displays. First, your bibliography is now confined to a specifically-sized section so that large bibliographies don’t make the page scroll down infinitely. Second, you can now name and rename your bibliography simply by clicking the pencil icon next to the bibliography title, which we’ve also added to the interface. Photograph support – now supports citing photographs, pictures, or images found online. Check the dropdown list from the â€Å"Other† tab to cite a photograph. Annotations – you can now append notes or general information to your citations. These annotations will appear at the bottom of your exported bibliography. Calendar interface for entering dates – thanks to a Rails plugin called CalendarDateSelect, you can now use a popup calendar to select and enter date information, instead of filling it in. Click the calendar icon next to any month/day/year fields to use it. Expanded Help and FAQ page – in response to common questions and emails we receive, we’ve added new questions and areas of concern to our Help and FAQ page. Design improvements – all across the website, you should notice some visual tweaks and changes. We’ve standardized the web site design and thrown some polish over everything. Magazine search patched – the AutoFill functionality for Magazine is restored, after having to change the way interfaced with FindArticles. Improved Blog page – we finally matched our blog’s color scheme to the rest of the website. But we also have provided an RSS feed link so you can subscribe to our blog and be automatically updated about any updates, changes, or new features that we add to . Formatting style updates – we want to thank all of our users who reported any inaccuracies in the style guide’s formatting rules. has since fixed any issues. Various bug fixes – many of the visual bugs that persisted have been fixed.

Graduate Labour Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Graduate Labour Market - Essay Example As the report declares in its effort to improve and modernise public services, UK government has created more job opportunities for graduates. Some of the sectors that depict an increase in the rate of employment include public administration, health and education, construction as well as business and finance. It is important to note that the UK economic and political developments have made the region to be one of the countries that have the lowest rates of unemployment in Europe. According to Association of Graduate Recruiters (AGR), approximately 30% of the UK graduates are highly demanded in foreign countries including European region based on the extensive training undertaken by universities. This paper declares that the manager oversees the implementation of effective use of internet as a way of promoting and advertising of the products. Other vital duties of the manager includes evaluation and tracking of online marketing strategies, identifying new online marketing tactics as well as collaborating with personnel who are responsible for developing websites. Due to the stiff competition in the international market, companies in UK and abroad are emulating e-marketing in order to attain a competitive edge. This means that there exist more job opportunities for students who choose Online Marketing Manager as their future career. Individuals intending to become online marketing managers should posses a degree in marketing and have some experience of internet marketing. In addition, it is essential for one to have a good knowledge of English language and proper communication skills (Laermer, 2007). Communication skills are vital since the marketing managers should have adequ ate knowledge on how to address the needs of their clients. Depending with the size of an organization an Online Marketing Manager should be at least 23 years old and with an experience of 3- 4 years in a marketing department. Even though most of the marketing

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Martin Luther King Jr - Essay Example Martin is the kind of man who was admired by many people for the help he offered to humanity. He made several travels around the world to meet various political and religious leaders for advice. In his travels also, he preached to the people against violent practices and educated them on their civil rights so that the freedom for humanity could be reborn. In this essay therefore we shall focus on everything that pertains to Martin Luther King Jnr in line with leadership, as he made use of all the possible means to ensure that humanity got saved from all kinds of mistreatment as well as poverty. Martin Luther Jnr was born in Georgia in 1929, in a religious family; being that the father was a pastor. Due to the racism that had taken root in Montgomery and the inspiration drawn from a theologian, who all his time was dedicated towards defending racial equality, Martin Luther Jnr decided to join him so he could fight against such ills of the society. He always was a person who could not simply relax in the face of ill practices, he always assumed an obligation of ensuring change got effected soon. Just after being elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association, he realized it was time he swung into action against racism, by taking advantage of the position he had acquired. It was, therefore, in 1995 when in a Montgomery bus witnessed a situation where Rosa Parks was asked to surrender her seat for a white passenger, whom they regarded special as compared to Rosa. She refused to honor their orders, and this had her arrested. A bus boycott was then organized by Mart in Luther Jnr together with other activists, which went on for a year and some days; threatening the downtown business owned by people as well as the straining of the economy of the public transit system. At this time, the qualities of great leadership in Martin Luther had begun to show. He is not afraid of what

Human sexuality Essay Example for Free

Human sexuality Essay She was barely eight years old when together with seven of her age mates ,she was handed over to a traditional circumciser who took them through the painful process of FGM. it has been many years since ,and she has accomplished so much in life, but the incident remains fresh in her mind. The old woman who took them through the process was going blind, she says, and three of the eight who underwent the procedure died due to excessive bleeding. One of them was her very close friend. Luckily for her, the bleeding was not too much and she had a savior at hand. Her father, who was a policeman, took her to a hospital in Garissa using a police land rover. This was the traumatizing experience that nominated Member of Parliament, Sophia Abdi Noor went through when her mother blessed her to undergo the rite of passage that would cleanse her and make her acceptable for marriage according to tradition. Never before in history of the august house had a member used her own life experience to move debate as Ms.  Sophia did when supporting the bill to outlaw female genital mutilation. Female genital mutilation is the term used for operations or removal of all or just part of the external parts of female genitilia. This practice has for a long time come under increasingly intense international scrutiny from the news media, feminist and human rights organizations. The main reasons for continuation of FGM are firstly, as a rite of passage from girlhood to womanhood; a circumcised woman is considered mature, obedient and aware of her role in the family and society. Secondly, FGM is perpetuated as a means of reducing sexual desire of girls and women, thereby curbing sexual activity before and ensuring fidelity within marriage. Although opposition to female ‘circumcision’ has been articulated throughout the twentieth century, starting with missionaries and colonial administrators, the current resurgence of indignation was ignited in part by activists at conferences honoring the United Nations Decade for women(1975-1985). (Shell-Duncan. B,Hernland-Y;pg 23) The practice of circumcising women has very deep roots that touch all aspects of the cultures that continue to inflict it upon their girls. However,it still remains to be a practice that violates the human rights of affected women in a moral and ethical sense because it generates psychological torture, low self-esteem, tampers with a woman’s sexuality and is a health hazard. Psychological torture The pain inflicted by F. G. M does not stop with the initial procedure, but often continues as an ongoing torture throughout a woman’s life. Intense pain and hemorrhage experienced during the procedure can lead to shock. A 1985 Kenyan study found that nearly 97% of the 269 women interviewed experienced intense pain during and after F. G.  M and more than 13% went into shock. According to WHO, It is self-evident that any form of surgical interference in the highly sensitive genital organs constitutes a serious threat to the woman, and that the painful operation is a source of major physical as well as psychological trauma. The extent and nature of the immediate and long-term mental disturbances will depend on the girl’s inner defences, the prevailing psychological environment, and a host of other factors. The family no doubt does its best to mitigate the painful effects of the operation; nonetheless, they necessarily undergo overwhelming experiences. Even before the operation, the threat of ‘cutting’ and fear provoking situation may disturb the mental state of the child to the degree that it causes worry, anxiety, sleeplessness, nightmares or panic. As anticipating precautions against these anxieties the family commonly uses various forms of traditional magi co-religious practice such as fumigation, or the wearing of amulets. On a religious perspective, the scripture prescribes that special efforts be made to care for those who are most vulnerable. (Deut 10:17-19,Ps 82:3,4; Ps24:11,12;Luke 1:52-54) Jesus taught that children should be loved and protected. Therefore,the genital mutilation of young girls violates the biblical mandate to safeguard children and protect them from harm and abuse Tampers with a woman’s sexuality. Sexual intercourse can only take place after opening the infibulation, through surgery or penetrative sexual intercourse. Consequently, intercourse is frequently painful during the first weeks after initiation. Although it is difficult to verify reports or women’s sexual experiences, physical complications from FGM often impede sexual enjoyment. FGM destroys much or all of the vulva nerve endings, delaying arousal or impairing orgasm. Lacerations loss of skin elasticity, or development of neuron (a tumor or mass growing from a nerve) can lead to painful intercourse. In a 1993 Kenyan study, 5% of women interviewed experienced painful intercourse while 9. 3% of them reported having difficult or impossible penetration, and that many of the married ones only accepted it only as a duty. Scripture celebrates the divinely ordained gift of sexual intimacy within marriage (Eccl9. 9;Prov 5:18,19). The practice of female genital mutilation should be renounced because it threatens the creator’s design for the experience of joyful sexuality by married couples. For married couples, the gift of sexual union may be further blessed by the birth of children (Prov 31:28). The fact that successful childbirth is threatened by FGM is additional grounds for opposition to this practice. Health hazard. In October 1994, as a response to the call to Global Action,UNICEF issued an executive directive declaring that FGM is a health hazard to children and violation of their human rights. FGM in any form should not be practiced by health professionals in any setting including hospitals or other health establishments. Unnecessary oddly mutilation cannot be condoned by health providers. FGM is harmful to the health of women and girls and violates their basic human rights and medicalization of the procedure does not eliminate this harm. On the contrary, it reinforces the continuation of the practice by seeming to legitimize it. Health practitioners should provide all necessary care and counseling for complications that may arise as a result. Group circumcision, where the same unsterilized instrument is used on several girls at a time, repeat cutting and stitching increases risk of HIV infection. The Bible presents the goodness of God’s creation, including the creation of human beings (Gen 1:31; Ps 139:13, 14). God is the source and sustainer of human life (Job 33:4; john 1:3, 4). He calls for preservation of human life and holds humanity accountable for its destruction(Gen 9:5,6;Ex20:13,Jer 7:3-34). The human body is the â€Å"the temple of the Holy Spirit,† and followers of God are urged to care for and preserve their bodies, including the Creator’s gift of sexuality, as a spiritual responsibility (1cor6:15-19). Because FGM is harmful to health, threatening to life, and injurious to sexual function, it is incompatible with the will of God. Having discussed the side effects that FGM pauses to victims, various communities have come up with measures to fight this procedure, an alternative rite of passage in the abandonment of FGM is used. It involves a four-step procedure Preparation Seminars for both parents and initiates are encouraged. The topics will include side effects of female circumcision, and get prepared to attend a residential seminar to elaborate on what the alternative procedure entails. Actual Circumcision In the alternative Rite of passage, actual circumcision should be stopped since we have learnt that it is not necessary to make a woman an adult nor mature. The side effects of F. C both short and long terms are to be avoided if actual circumcision is not performed. Parents can select a teacher and trainer, for their daughter who will accompany her to the residential centre for an alternative rite of passage seminar. Seclusion. For this the girls will attend a residential seminar for one week away from home. The initiate will be accompanied with their teacher and trainer. Women both circumcised and un circumcised from the community will facilitate during the seminar. Additional topics-AIDS, STI’s, simple hygiene and great women in the Bible, in community and in Kenya. Rites and rituals will be optional. Girls of circumcision age are between six and twelve years old. For the purpose of effective learning, the girls will be divided into two groups; girls between six and nine, ten and twelve. Graduation Graduation is expected to be brief and colourful. Songs, drama, plays and poems will be encouraged. Parents, community leaders, politicians and government officials will be invited to attend to witness the graduation of whole girls. Certificates of graduation will be awarded and prayers, blessings conducted. Exchange of gifts for newly graduated girls will be carried out and finally the graduates will be handed over to the community,chief,church elders and clan elders. Since it’s an annual event, committees are to b e established to plan for the following year.

Invisable Man - Black Leaders Essay -- essays research papers

At the time that Ralph Ellison writes the novel The Invisible Man there were, as there are today, many ideas on how to improve the black mans status in a segregated nation. Marcus Garvey was a militant black nationalist leader who created a "Back to Africa" movement. On the other side was Booker T. Washington who preached for racial uplift through educational attainments and economic advancement. A man who strayed more on the middle path was W.E.B. Du Bois. He was less militant than Marcus Garvey but was more so than Booker T. Washington. Ellison uses characters from the novel to represent these men. Marcus Garvey is fictionalized as Ras the Exhorter. Booker T. Washington is given voice by the Reverend Barbee. W.E.B. Du Bois is never directly mentioned in the novel. However, the actions and thoughts of W.E.B. Du Bois are very similar to that of the narrator. While all three men were after the same dream they all went about making that dream reality in different ways. There are strengths and weakness that can be found in all three men’s philosophies. The most militant and extreme of the three was Garvey. Marcus Garvey was born Marcus Mosiah Garvey Jr. on August 17 1887, at Saint Ann’s Bay, Jamaica. He was the youngest of eleven children. His father, Malcus (Marcus) Mosiah Garvey, was a stonemason and his mother, Sarah Jane Richards, was a domestic servant and produce grower. He left school at the age of fourteen to serve as a printer’s apprentice. After completing his training he took a job with a printing company in Kingston. There he organized and led a strike for higher wages. He then traveled to Central and South America. He moved to London in 1912 and became interested in African history and culture. He returned to Jamaica two years later and founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) and the African Communities League. The UNIA helped found the Black Muslim movement. In 1916 Garvey moved to the United States. He went to New York City and set up a branch of the UNIA and began a weekly newspaper called the Negro World. Garvey preached that blacks should be proud of who they are. He called for racial pride. Because of his persuasiveness and his eloquence people started to listen to Garvey. Blacks became proud of who they were. Booker T. Washington said to bow down to the whites and accept being inferior. When they hear... ...re they too subtle. Du Bois criticized Garvey’s black power movement and he looked down upon Booker for having such an emphasis on economic independence. Du Bois only fault, like Garvey, was in his belief in racial separation. He would not compromise with whites. During the civil rights movements, individuals and organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities. In the forefront of these movements were Marcus Garvey, Booker T. Washington, and W.E.B. Du Bois. All three of these men had a dream of equality; they lead the way for future leaders such as Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Marcus Garvey preached for racial pride among his people and told them to return to Africa. Booker T. Washington told his followers to accept the status quo and improve themselves through hard work and economic independence. W.E.B. Du Bois told the black community to separate themselves from whites and to gain economic self-reliance. All three men went after the same goal; they just did it in their own ways. There is a thin line between doing nothing and doing too much Works Citied "Garvey, Marcus," Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2000